Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

脱毒骏枣幼树枝干抗寒性的调查研究

调查并计算了田间未脱毒嫁接、未脱毒自根、脱毒嫁接、脱毒自根四个类型骏枣幼树的冻害指数与冻害率,测定了其被迫休眠期的枝条在不同温度处理下电导率的变化规律。结果表明:①四个类型植株冻害程度顺序为:未脱毒嫁接>脱毒嫁接>未脱毒自根>脱毒自根;②一年生枝各类型间电导率存在显著差异,其顺序由高到低为:未脱毒嫁接>未脱毒自根>脱毒嫁接>脱毒自根,二年生枝各类型间电导率无显著差异,其顺序由高到低为未脱毒自根>未脱毒嫁接>脱毒嫁接>脱毒自根;③各类型的一二年生枝间电导率均无显著性差异,但总的看来,二年生枝的电导率均小于一年生枝的;④二年生枝的平均电导率随温度的降低呈逐渐增加的趋势,-30℃和-26℃之间存在极显著差异,并推测骏枣二年生枝冻害的半致死温度就在-30℃与-26℃之间。     

低温驯化的黑荆树悬浮培养细胞中可溶性蛋白质含量变化*

低温驯化能够诱导黑荆树悬浮培养细胞增强抗冻性，ＬＴ５０从－４．３℃下降到－８．２℃。低温驯化诱可溶性蛋白质含量增加，其增加的时间进程与细胞抗冻性发育呈平行关系。环已亚胺抑制可溶性蛋白质含量增加，同时也抑制细胞抗冻性发育。在低温驯化期不同时间加入环已亚胺抑制抗冻性发育，表明低温驯化１０ｄ后抗浆性发育接近完成。糖对增加驯化细胞中可溶性蛋白质有促进作用，加快增加含量的时间进程，但对最终提高蛋白质含量水平     

不同成熟度沾化冬枣冰点测定及适宜贮藏温度的研究

贮藏温度是影响沾化冬枣贮藏寿命的关键因素,对白熟果、初红果、半红果和全红果4种成熟度冬枣冰点的温度进行了测定,分别为-2．1℃、-3．1℃、-3．9℃和-4．0℃。在此基础上确定了不同成熟度冬枣的适宜贮藏温度,为沾化冬枣贮藏提供了理论和技术依据。     

毛白杨抗冻性低温诱导过程中糖的效应(英文)

在低温锻炼和结合蔗糖处理的低温锻炼下 ,对毛白杨 (Populustomentosa)幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,以及幼苗存活率和抗冻性分别进行了测定 .结果表明 ,低温锻炼明显提高了幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗的存活率和抗冻性 .2 0 %蔗糖处理对上述低温锻炼的作用有加强的效果 .进一步分析发现 ,无论是单纯的低温锻炼还是结合蔗糖预处理的低温锻炼 ,幼苗枝条中可溶性糖含量的提高程度均较叶片明显 ,而且它们的含量增加与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关 .这表明低温锻炼所引起的可溶性糖积累可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导     

Ultrastructural and Extracellular Protein Changes in Cell Suspension Cultures of Populus euphratica Associated with Low Temperature-induced Cold Acclimation

Populus euphratica Olive is the only tree species that can grow in the saline land and also survive cold winters in northwest China, and it plays a very important role in stabilizing the vulnerable ecosystem there. A cell suspension culture was initiated from callus derived from plantlets of Populus euphratica. Cold acclimation was induced (LT50 of-17.5 ℃) in cell suspension at 4-5 ℃ in the dark for 30 days and the freezing tolerance increased from LT50 of-12.5 ℃ in nonacclimated cells to LT50 of-17.5 ℃ in cold-acclimated cells. Microvacuolation, cytoplasmic augmentation and accumulation of starch granules were observed in cells that were cold-acclimated by exposure to low temperatures. Several qualitative and quantitative changes in proteins were noted during cold acclimation. Antibodies to carrot extracellular (apoplastic) 36 kD antifreeze protein did not cross react on immunoelectroblots with extracellular proteins in cell suspension culture medium of Populus euphratica, indicating no common epitopes in the carrot 36 kD antifreeze protein and P euphratica extracellular proteins. The relationship of these changes to cold acclimation in Populus euphratica cell cultures was discussed.     

在低温锻炼中毛白杨幼苗可溶性总蛋白、RNA、DNA、RNase及抗冻性的变化

低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗存活率和抗冻性以及RNA和可溶性总蛋白的含量 ,降低了RNase活性 ,而且能减轻低温胁迫引起的RNA和可溶性总蛋白含量的下降程度和RNase活性的提高 ,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中RNA和可溶性总蛋白水平的迅速回升以及RNase活性的降低 .进一步研究发现 ,DNA含量无论在低温锻炼中还是在低温胁迫下或是在随后的恢复生长期均保持相对稳定 ;低温锻炼所引起的RNA含量的增加 ,与RNase活性的降低呈明显的负相关 ,与可溶性总蛋白含量的增加以及幼苗抗冻性的提高成正相关 .这表明低温锻炼可能抑制RNase活性 ,有效地促进RNA含量的增加 ,而RNA可能参与了可溶性总蛋白的合成及抗冻性的诱导     

A review of the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on nursery stock quality and performance

This paper presents the experimental evidence on the effects of desiccation, low and high temperatures, rough handling, root loss and storage between lifting and planting on plant quality and performance. The review concentrates on the impact of these stresses on outplanting performance; their effect on seedling properties, such as root growth potential and root electrolyte leakage, is also described. Stresses most often happen in combination but there is relatively little information on their interactions. Examples of desiccation plus rough handling, cold storage plus desiccation, frost damage plus freeze storage and the triple stress of desiccation, heating and rough handling are presented. The limited evidence on the cumulative effect of stresses suggests tentatively that damage from rough handling does not accumulate in the same way as damage from desiccation and prolonged storage. Factors affecting stress resistance are briefly reviewed.There are three impediments to producing a critical review of the literature: experimental treatments, particularly of desiccation and rough handling, can rarely be directly compared; the impact of stress treatments can be modified by a large number of factors, and the levels of stress have seldom been quantified in normal forestry practice. The first two problems also make it difficult to formulate general statements concerning critical thresholds for the stresses. However, instruments are now available for measuring and monitoring stresses between lifting and planting and it is, in theory, possible to model the effects of these stresses to take account of the many factors that modify their impact on seedling survival and growth. This offers the possibility of significant improvements in our ability to predict the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on seedling performance.     

基于虚拟样机技术的双横臂独立前悬架振动仿真分析及参数优化

根据振动力学以及多刚体系统动力学原理，分析了悬架系统的振动模型，同时对双横臂独立前悬架做了合理的简化，建立了双横臂独立式前悬架力学及虚拟样机模型，并在虚拟样机软件ADAMS/VIEW模块上进行仿真，在此基础上对前悬架的各个参数进行优化设计，使得悬架振动达到一个最优值。     

凤县花椒春季霜冻的气候分析

本文对凤县花椒霜冻的气候因素进行了分析。结果认为,凤县花椒霜冻在时间分布上主要集中出现于春4月上、中旬。霜冻在空间分布上具有随海拔升高而加重、随地域不同而多变的特点。凤县霜冻的发生以"平流+辐射霜冻"为主,以"平流霜冻"或"平流+辐射霜冻"对花椒造成的危害最大。花椒受害的严重程度还与低温程度、降温强度、降温时的空气湿度、低温持续时间、霜冻类型、霜冻出现时间及椒园管理状况密切相关。